following distances). But crashes and observations of driving performance show that 97 compensatory strategies are not sufficient to remove all excess risk (8). 98
99
The most general factors that cause fatigue are lack of sleep, bad quality sleep and sleep 100 demands induced by the internal body clock. Besides these general factors, prolonged driving 101 (time-on-task) can increase driver fatigue, especially when drivers do not take sufficient breaks.
102 For specific groups of drivers, e.g. professional drivers, these general factors often play a more 103 persistent role due to long or irregular work schedules. A small part of the general population (3-104 5%) has to cope with obstructive sleep apnea, a sleeping disorder which contributes to above 105 average day-to-day sleepiness (8).
TRB 2011 Annual Meeting
extended duration of wakefulness and time of day affect SR 110 fatigue. Certain characteristics of
111 driving, like task demand and duration, can produce TR fatigue in the absence of any sleep112
related cause (3). However, TR fatigue is specifically subcategorized into active TR fatigue and
113 passive TR fatigue. Generally, the causing factors of TR fatigue are the driving task and driving
114 environment. In particular, active TR fatigue is caused by increased task load, high density
115 traffic, poor visibility and the need to complete secondary task while the passive TR fatigue is
116 due to underload condition, monotonous drive, extended driving periods and automated systems.
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